1st Global GypSupply Conference & Exhibition on gypsum supply trends and technology
13 - 14 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium
View the conference image gallery
The first Global GypSupply Conference on gypsum supply, including natural gypsum, synthetic gypsum and recycled gypsum, has successfully taken place in Brussels, Belgium, with 110 delegates from 28 different countries. The 2nd GypSupply Conference will take place in March 2020, once more in Brussels.
The first keynote speaker at the first Global GypSupply Conference was Gwenole Cozigou, Director of DG Grow transformation and advanced value chain, European Commission, who gave an overview of the EU's approach to gypsum. He pointed out that Europe is self-sufficient in gypsum and indeed has large reserves. The continent faces three main challenges, in decarbonisation, in sustainability and in global competitiveness, but has three main means to combat these challenges, in innovation, the internal market and through investment. He agreed that gypsum, alongside other building materials, is a critical mineral. New technology for energy efficient transformation will be required, however, for the energy-intensive mineral transformation industries to remain competitive. There is a market-driven approach to the recycling of minerals, but gypsum has an essential contribution to make towards the establishment in the EU of a circular economy. While it already encourages dismantling and on-site separation, the EU says that there is much more to be done. The EU's regulatory steps are designed to try to make gypsum recycling more competitive and sustainable for the future. Mr Cozigou state that the recycled part of gypsum products should - according to the EU - rise to 30% in the future.
The second speaker was Bernard Lekien, current president of Eurogypsum, who pointed out the giant scale of the European gypsum industry. The industry directly employs 28,000 workers in Europe and annually trains in the region of 25,000 installers. Eurogypsum promotes 'best practice' in the European gypsum industry. Gypsum, he said, is really the 'wonder mineral:' it cannot burn, it is non-toxic, it is infinitely recyclable and has a synthetic equivalent in FGD gypsum. Bernard positioned gypsum at the centre of any circular economy. "Thinks of waste as a resource," he suggested. For recycling to happen, the gypsum industry needs deconstruction to be a common practice all over European, the separation of waste on site (including off-cuts from construction waste), constant volumes and constant quality of recycled gypsum and trust and transparency in the value chain. CO2 emissions from the European gypsum industry are close to the theoretical lower limit and in terms of embodied energy, plasterboard has the lowest level per square metre of any installed building product. Bernard Lekien outlined a bold plan to extend Europe's housing stock by building upwards on existing buildings, using modular lightweight and gypsum-based construction. Building with gypsum is also a strong driver for jobs growth. "The European gypsum industry calls on the EU and national authorities to enhance access to natural gypsum. It is crucial to obtain the performance of our solutions."
Fotios Papoulias, policy coordinator from DG Environment, European Commission, next outlined the EC's approach to habitants and mining. The Birds and Habitats Directives are at the core of the EU's biodiversity policy, while Natura 2000 protects the most valuable nature areas in the EU. The Natura 2000 policy includes 27,000 sites, covering 18% of the EU's territories. Fotios gave a 'fitness check' of the Directives and suggested that, while they are 'fit for purpose,' their implementation needs support, since many species and habitats still show negative trends, only 50% of sites are properly managed, the marine network is incomplete and that there is a lack of funds. There are also cases of inflexible application and permitting by national and local authorities and there is a general lack of knowledge, awareness, engagement and cooperation over the protection of habitats. An 'action plan' has been adopted to improve progress. Given that extractive industries are critical, Natura 2000 has been revisited, to identify and mitigate the effects of mines and quarries on nature and to identify the contribution of these non-energy extractive industries to biodiversity.
Gunther Wolff, desk officer for waste management and secondary materials at the European Commission, next gave an overview of the recycling agenda of the EU. In the waste hierarchy, in the section covering reuse, recycling and recovery, the EU target is for 70% of construction and demolition waste to enter the circular economy by 2020. The target has been achieved in many states (Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Denmark, Germany) including backfilling, while some other EU countries are lagging behind (Greece, Cyprus, Finland, Romania), although Gunther stated that the quality of the statistics is not high. The EU's Circular Economy Package is pending and will pave the way for more sustainable recycling of CDM, including measures to prevent waste generation and a push for extended producer responsibility. According to Gunther Wolff, backfilling must be done in a way that must not harm human health or nature and the material must replace virgin materials to be a valued use for recycling or material recovery. The use of gypsum for backfilling should be reported separately in official statistics. Selective demolition and sorting is being pushed, with plaster as a separate material category. Separate targets for recovery, reuse, recycling and backfilling are being investigated. Many other actions are being undertaken to promote the circular economy, including the introduction of a standard means to calculate the environmental performance of buildings.
Rob Crangle of the USGS next spoke about trends in global gypsum supply and demand. Gypsum demand grew steadily to around 100Mt in the 1990s, after which time China's cement industry started to grow exponentially and global gypsum demand has since grown to around 260Mt/year. Rob suggested that China consumed more cement between 2001-2013 than the US consumed in the entire 20th century and consumes in the region of 120Mt of gypsum each year just for cement production. Other significant producers are the US, Iran, Thailand, Oman, Turkey, Spain and Italy. In the US, synthetic gypsum's share of gypsum use rose from less than 5% in 1990, to nearly 50% in 2010. The proportion is now declining, since gas is so cheap in the US that many power plants have switched away from coal and now do not have the necessity to produce FGD gypsum. There has been a decrease in the production of FGD gypsum in the US, but 43% of this material is not being used in any case, with transportation costs being a major factor. In contrast, 70% of Chinese electricity generation is coal-fired and since 2004 every plant larger than 600MW has had to have an FGD system. Although statistics are hard to come by, China is likely to be making tens or hundreds of millions of tonnes of gypsum each year. In terms of recycling, the US is not at an advanced stage, with attempts at recycling being sporadic and local or regional at best. Where it is undertaken, it is legislation-led, rather than economically-driven.
The next speaker was Joerg Demmich, speaking on behalf of the FGD gypsum and recycling group of Eurogypsum, on the past and present supply situation in Europe. In Europe 78% of gypsum use is by the plasterboard industry, 17% by the cement industry and 5% in agriculture. Gypsum demand is expected to grow by five times from 20Mt to 100Mt by 2050. At the same time, the EU is targeting a complete decarbonisation of power generation by 2050, even though some EU countries are heavily reliant on coal and lignite. Germany produces around 6.5Mt of the EU's annual approximately 18Mt of FGD gypsum each year. The German government started an Energy Policy Concept in 2010 in order to radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Although hard targets have already been missed, a target of 80-100% decarbonisation by 2050 'should be achievable.' On this basis, FGD production will tend towards zero by mid-century in Germany and to a greater or lesser extent in other EU countries, with a likely production by 2050 of less than 5Mt in the EU. With the reduction of synthetic gypsum supplies, recycled gypsum will become more significant. The main conclusion of the recent 'Gypsum to Gypsum' study was that 'Recycled gypsum shall become a trusted resource once having legally obtained 'end of waste' status at European or national level in accordance with Article 6 of the Waste Framework Directive.' The quality of the recycled gypsum (including the purity of the gypsum and the presence of minor elements) is a critical factor in the success of this approach. There is a recognised hierarchy of quality, from factory by-products, to pre-consumer (construction site) materials, to deconstruction materials and finally to demolition materials. Joerg concluded that recycled gypsum cannot replace the lost supply of synthetic gypsum in Europe and that increased use of natural gypsum will be required.
Rick Haverland of ZAG Internaional next spoke on gypsum markets and quality trends. Although it is well known that FGD gypsum's a valuable byproduct of coal-find power stations, coal-burning Circulating Fluidised Boiler anhydrite is a kind of 'gypsum' that cannot be used in the cement industry since it does not react chemically to retard cement setting. Rick pointed out that FGD gypsum often has high levels of calcium chloride when it is produced and it must be rinsed with fresh water in order to bring down chloride levels to the point where it can be used in either the wallboard or the cement/concrete industry. He pointed out that synthetic gypsum can present major material handling difficulties and may require some capital expenditure to enable it to be handled and dosed into the system. The greatest impact on FGD gypsum has been the price of gas, which was $13mmBTU in 2008, but which was less than $3mmBTU just a year later. This ongoing trend means that 72GW of coal-fired power plants will be converted to gas or closed in the coming years. Wallboard plants on major waterways such as the Mississippi and Ohio rivers can still economically ship in gypsum, but some plants in Florida, for example, cannot.
Denny Sabah of Clarksons next spoke about trends in shipping and he started by pointing out that trends in many types of ship chartering are not of consequence to gypsum, since they are not used for gypsum shipping. Iron ore, grains, fertilisers and other bulk commodities are the main players and gypsum and even cement are the smaller players in the market. In general, there are now about 11,000 dry bulk vessels, having grown from below 6000 in 2005. There are far too many ships, so that freight rates have collapsed. However, the increase in the number of vessels has slowed dramatically, to fewer than 200 per year, so that the market should start to rebalance towards the amount actually required.
In the session on natural gypsum resources, the first speaker was Mohamed El Moustapha Ould Eleya of Samia, s.a., Mauritania. Gypsum was discovered 50km northeast of Nouakchott in the 1950s, in an area 80km and 50km wide, with a resource of approximately 1.7bn tonnes, with purity of 70-97%, although there are other sources such as gypsum dune deposits and pure crystalline deposits that have higher purities of up to 99%. The resources are being mined at a rate of 200,000t/year and plaster is produced in a local factory at a rate of 30,000t/yr. 40,000t is sold to local cement factories with another 35,000t/year going to the cement industry in Mali. Cement consumption is on the rise in sub-Saharan Africa and now exceeds 60Mt/yr. As a result, gypsum demand is on the rise as well and now stands at around 3Mt/year. As a cement additive there is no substitute to gypsum and there are effectively no other viable gypsum deposits in West Africa. Nouakchott has a port with draft of 11.2m, capable of accepting vessels of 45,000mt but other port facilities for imports in west Africa can be 'problematic.'
Patrick Whiteway of Natural Resources Nova Scotia next told the assembled delegates about the possibilities for natural gypsum from Nova Scotia. More than 375Mt of gypsum has been mined from 70 quarries since 1770. Since the Great Recession, a number of gypsum quarries have gone onto a care and maintenance basis, but the sites all have large reserves and Patrick suggested that not only will the existing quarries come back into production, but that new quarries may be opened in the coming years too. The Murchyville deposit, discovered in 1990, contains more than 300Mt of gypsum. Readers should refer to Global Gypsum Magazine for a full account of the mineral resources of Nova Scotia. Patrick made it clear that Novia Scotia is open for gypsum business.
The final presentation of the day was given by Marcello De Maria y Campos of COMSA, the Compañía Occidental Mexicana, which mines gypsum on San Marcos Island, situated in the Sea of Cortez, east of Baja California. The company has been mining gypsum for nearly 100 years and is the largest producer in Latin America, producing 2.2Mt annually. Marcello pointed out that his company is working hard to create shared value for the company and all of its stakeholders. For example the company worked on a programme of self-sufficiency for the island in terms of food, which generated jobs and added value. The company has also substituted solar energy for expensive diesel and hopes to use solar for 100% of its energy needs in the next few years. The company is also working to build industrial clusters that co-exist with COMSA's gypsum-based businesses.
After the first day of the conference, delegates enjoyed an unusual 'walking dinner' at the iconic Atomium in Brussels, with jazz and local food and drinks.
Second day
On the second day of the conference, Walid Rhannou of Cultura started by telling delegates about his company's well-positioned gypsum quarries in Morocco. The quality of the resources is high, with purity up to 99%. Safi port has a draft of 9.14m, suitable for vessels of up 30,000t and with low congestion. Gypsum exports from Morocco had been stable at around 100,000t/year until 2017, when they doubled. It was Cultura itself changed the game, having been established in 2016, finding a niche for customers which prefer 'smaller' shipments, of high grade white gypsum in custom sizes. The company's high-grade gypsum is used in dental plaster and white cement, among other uses. The company has focused on adding value through quality and customer service. A new port is being built in Safi, with a draft of 16.5m, capable of berthing vessels of 280m length, due for commissioning in 2020. Walid forecast that Morocco will become the largest exporter in the Atlantic by 2030, with tonnages in the region of 5Mt/year.
Next up was Oliver Pralle of Haver Niagara GmbH, who spoke on primary and secondary crushing and on screening of gypsum, in order to customise products and to add value. Oliver pointed out that exporters, shippers and final customers have very specific requirements in terms of particle sizes, with or without fines (usually without fines) and with a specific maximum size (always below 100mm, but sometimes with a maximum size of 45mm). The screen before the primary crusher can be used as a quality control device, since the finer material that passes through the screen tends to be higher in moisture and of lower quality and this material can optionally be discarded in order to increase the quality of the fraction that goes to the primary jaw crusher. This also has the effect of minimising fines and increases the production capability of the primary crusher.
Maarten Hendriks of New West Gypsum Recycling next spoke about the future dynamics of gypsum recycling. He suggested that NWGR is really a service company, taking in pre-used gypsum products and recycling the materials into high-value products. Maarten pointed out that many modern materials - for example paper, glass and wood - may be recycled, but that generally at each recycling step the material is degraded, eventually becoming fit only for landfill. Only metals and gypsum wallboard are suitable at the moment for full 100% 'true' recycling, according to Maarten. He suggested that real recycling rates are very low and are nearly at zero in Eastern Europe, but that in the future all gypsum wallboard waste should be recycled. Gypsum quality should not be a problem: purity is 2-3% lower than that sold in the market, but the variability is lower. In the future, landfilling of gypsum waste will be banned and will be enforced and downcycling will not be accepted. Maarten forecast the development of common testing criteria and the definition of TOC as a quality criteria; granulometry will become more important and silicon content will be controlled. Maarten concluded with a number of sensible suggestions for governments and producers to help increase future recycling rates. His final statement was “Never go for less than green."
Ulrich Kral of the Technische Universität Wien next gave an overview of the UN framework for the classification of resources and outlined how it can be used to enable gypsum recovery management. Ulrich pointed out that European per capita use of gypsum is likely to increase from 80kg/person/year in 2015 to around 115kg/person/year in 2050. He also pointed out that there is in the region of 3500kg of gypsum in the form of plaster, plaster boards and other construction materials per person in the built environment. Ulrich suggested that the UNFC allows the communication of the amounts of recoverable quantities based on the maturity level of recovery projects and that this scheme is applicable to all energy and mineral resources, including gypsum. The stages in the UNFC are exploration, degree of project development and finally, in production. The usefulness of the scheme might be to point out that all other factors are positive to promote recycling (economics, feasibility, access to markets, technology) but that only political will is lacking - in which case the political situation should be the focus to change the situation.
John Rimmer of Cantillon Ltd next spoke about deconstruction and plasterboard recovery in the UK. John gave an initial practical tip for wallboard recycling: instead of throwing the deconstructed material on a pile, put it in a stack: it will save space, the material will tend to take on less moisture and the stack will be easier to use. Taxation for landfill in the UK is currently at around £86/t, the highest in Europe, so there is a strong driver for recycling. Cantillon insists on taking down wallboard by hand, since it creates less dust and the process is more controllable. Although it is more expensive and time-consuming, it is safer for operatives since there is less chance of exposure to silica or exposure to asbestos fibres. The larger pieces of wallboard that result from manual deconstruction are also easier and cheaper to transport. Coverings such as paint and wallpaper can cause a problem for removal and recycling, while double-layers, very thick or laminated boards will also cause problems. Methods of deconstruction will depend on how the room or building was originally built.
Patricia Andy next spoke on behalf of Saint-Gobain and Les Industries du Plâtre about the gypsum recycling situation in France. Starting in 2008 with 8000t, French gypsum plants had increased the tonnage of external gypsum waste recycled to a level of 83,000t/year by 2016. A new deal signed in April 2016 between Knauf, Placo and Siniat, along with the environment and industry ministries, is aimed at promoting the level of recycling. The agreement established a database of participants in gypsum recycling and also established best-practice in the industry. Patricia pointed out that the deconstruction contractor is responsible for the produced waste until its subsequent valorisation. From 1997, gypsum waste could only be landfilled in dedicated cells and very few exist. In practice, most gypsum waste is mixed with other waste and landfilled in normal landfill, while some gypsum waste is also 'littered in nature,' or fly-tipped. There is no traceability for non-dangerous waste. Patricia suggested that there is an overcapacity of facilities for landfilling and a perverse ‘use it or lose it’ situation for tipping licences, leading to fierce competition between landfills for waste volumes and attractive prices for waste producers. There is huge potential for improvement in recycling rates: 400,000t of gypsum waste is produced each year from construction and demolition sites. Patricia stated one means for improvement is 'an increased attention of inspection authorities on non-dangerous storage facilities without gypsum cells about the entry of gypsum waste and sanctions for any deviations.'
Christian Pritzel of the University of Siegen next addressed the issue of the hydration of hemihydrate in the presence of retarding agents and other additives. "Gypsum is not the same as gypsum," stated Christian, pointing out that there are many forms of the material, with different crystal states, different minor elements, different impurities and different levels of additives. Christian pointed out that crystal growth is influenced by many factors and if the environment of growth changes even in subtle ways, then the final product may be radically different and have very different physical and chemical properties. The specific surface area of the gypsum tends to increase with increasing recycling steps, since crystals get broken and if there are more nucleation sites the resultant crystals tend to be smaller as well. Among other suggestions, Christian suggested that producers aim to use additives that will break down during the calcination step of the recycling process (at temperatures of less than 158°C) and that will then have no other deleterious effects on gypsum hydration.
David Sevier of Carbon Cycle Ltd next presented a new purification process for gypsum, including phosphogypsum, FGD gypsum, mined gypsum, recycled gypsum and mining fines. David uses a decomposition step and the addition of a complexing chemical to separate out and purify the calcium sulphate component of feed materials, with the complexing chemical then recovered for re-use. A test batch from a Finnish apatite-based phosphogypsum stack was successfully processed, with radioactivity and other minor elements substantially reduced. A dry and a wet process exist with slightly different product outputs. David pointed out that around 160-200Mt of phosphogypsum is produced each year and suggested that his process could reprocess enough gypsum each year to supply the entire world's demand for input gypsum.
Volker Goecke of Claudius Peters Projects and Jörg Feinhals of DMT GmbH & Co. KG gave the final presentation at the conference, on the reprocessing of phosphogypsum. Volker suggested that passing the phosphogypsum through the CP Homogeniser dramatically improves the performance of processed material, in terms of water demand and setting time, through a high-humidity crystal annealing process. No or low radioactivity is a precondition of the use of phosphogypsum. Jörg went on to suggest that the recycling of phosphogypsum may also be a source of rare earth elements, phosphorus and radiologically useful radionucleotides. The level of radioactivity varies between stacks and even within different levels in the same stack and is controlled by the source rock and technological process used. A new process, raPHOsafe, classifies and separates radium-enriched phosphogypsum from non-radioactive materials. The patented automatic system uses a series of detectors on a conveyor belt to identify the more radioactive protein of the feed material and this is then selectively separated, to produce a higher- and lower-radioactivity gypsum fraction that can be valorised.
Prize-giving and farewells
At the end of the conference prizes were awarded for the best presentations, as voted-for by the delegates. In third place was Rob Crangle of the USGS for his paper on global gypsum trends, while in second place was Denny Sabah of Clarksons, for his paper on shipping and freight trends. However, in first place was Maarten Hendriks of New West Gypsum Recycling, for his paper on future recycling of gypsum.
Delegates very highly rated the conference for its technical content and for the quality of the networking. After a show of hands, it was agreed that the conference should take place every two years and attendees agreed to meet again in spring 2020, at a location to be decided.
What the delegates said about Global Gypsupply 2018
Good diversity of presentations/speakers
Wide diversity of attendees
Length of event was good
Good opportunity to learn more about the gypsum sector
Good idea to use Slido to collect questions
Good balance of speakers and topics covered, giving a global overview of the gypsum sector
Another great conference, thank you!
Interesting conference
Good technical information
The length of presentations was good - not too long or too many
Nice start!
I appreciate how you continually improve your conferences.
There was ample time to meet people and was small enough to facilitate connecting with people
This was a conference with global reach
Good variety of topics
Very good moderation kept up the momentum throughout the event
I loved the fact that we were a small community, all interested by the same subject
Very interesting theme
Really useful for me
1st Global GypSupply Conference & Exhibition on gypsum supply trends and technology
13 - 14 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium
Monday 12 March 2018
Exhibition build - Exhibitors have access to stands from 15.00.
17.00 - 20.00 Conference registration
18.00 - 20.00 Welcome party in the Global GypSupply exhibition area
Tuesday 13 March 2018
08.00 onwards: Conference registration
09.00 Introduction and Welcome by Robert McCaffrey, conference convenor
Session 1: Towards value-chain thinking in gypsum sourcing
09.10 Paper 1: Keynote: ‘Raw material supply in the EU: A value-chain approach,’ Gwenole Cozigou, Director of DG Grow transformation and advanced value chain, European Commission
09.40 Paper 2: Keynote: ‘Gypsum: A material for innovative and sustainable solutions in buildings,’ Bernard Lekien, President of Eurogypsum
10.10 Paper 3: Keynote: ‘Natural gypsum: quarrying in line with nature - an opportunity for business,’ Fotios Papoulias, Policy Coordinator, DG Environment, European Commission
10.40 Coffee break and networking in the Global GypSupply exhibition area
11.30 Paper 4: ‘Recycling: the recycling agenda of the EU,’ Gunther Wolff, desk officer, Waste management and secondary raw materials European Commission
Session 2: Global and regional trends in gypsum supply and demand
12.00 Paper 5: ‘Global trends in gypsum supply (natural vs synthetic vs recycled),’ Rob Crangle, USGS
12.30 Paper 6: ‘FGD gypsum and recycled gypsum in Europe - Present and future,’ Jörg Demmich, Eurogypsum FGD Gypsum and Recycling Working Group
13.00 Lunch
Session 2: Global and regional trends in gypsum supply and demand - continued
14.00 Paper 7: 'Overview of US synthetic gypsum market and update on global trends,' Rick Haverland, ZAG International
14.30 Paper 8: ‘The effects of the dry bulk markets on gypsum shipping,’ Denny Sabah, Clarksons
15.00 Meet the Delegates session - delegates have the opportunity to introduce themselves to the conference
15.30 Coffee break and networking in the Global GypSupply exhibition area
Session 3: Natural gypsum resources worldwide
16.00 Paper 9: 'Supplying bulk natural gypsum from Mauritania to the West African cement industry: Opportunities and challenges,’ Mohamed El Moustapha Ould Eleya, SAMIA s.a., Mauritania
16.30 Paper 10: 'A reliable source of seaborne natural gypsum for European, North American and South American markets: Opportunities in Nova Scotia, Canada,’ Patrick Whiteway, Natural Resources Nova Scotia
17.00 Paper 11: ‘Mining gypsum on an island: creating shared value for workers and families,' Marcello De Maria y Campos, COMSA - Compañía Occidental Mexicana
18.00 Departure for the Global GypSupply Conference Dinner (please bring your ticket). Return by 22.30 (latest)
Wednesday 14 March 2018
08.30 onwards: Conference registration
Session 3: Natural gypsum resources worldwide - continued
09.00 Paper 12: ‘Global possibilities for Moroccan bulk natural gypsum,’ Walid Rhannou, Cultura
09.30 Paper 13: ‘Natural gypsum: Primary and secondary crushing and screening for various subsequent processes,’ Oliver Pralle, Haver Niagara GmbH
Session 4: Recycled gypsum - from cradle to cradle
10.00 Paper 14: ‘Future dynamics of gypsum recycling,’ Maarten Hendriks, New West Gypsum Recycling
10.30 Speed-dating session: Bring plenty of cards - and prepare to make new contacts!
11.00 Coffee break and networking in the Global GypSupply exhibition area
Session 4: Recycled gypsum - from cradle to cradle - continued
11.30 Paper 15: ‘Enabling effective gypsum recovery management by using the UN Framework Classification for Resources,’ Ulrich Kral, Technische Universität Wien
12.00 Paper 16: ‘Deconstruction and plasterboard recovery in the UK,’ John Rimmer, Cantillon UK
12.30 Paper 17: ‘Gypsum recycling in France,’ Patricia Andy, Saint-Gobain, Les Industries du Plâtre
13.00 Lunch
Session 4: Recycled gypsum - from cradle to cradle - continued
14.00 Paper 18: ‘Recycling of gypsum and hydration of hemihydrate in the presence of retarding agents and other additives,’ Christian Pritzel, E. Abu Zeitoun, Y. Sakalli and R. Trettin, Institut für Bau- und Werkstoffchemie, Universität Siegen
Session 5: Trends in synthetic gypsum
14.30 Paper 19: ‘A new purification process for gypsum waste to fill the coming gypsum supply gap,’ David Sevier, Carbon Cycle Ltd
15.00 Paper 20: ‘Reprocessing of phosphogypsum - necessary requirements and technologies,’ Volker Goecke, Claudius Peters Projects GmbH, Jörg Feinhals, DMT GmbH & Co. KG
15.30 Farewell party and prize-giving
16.30 Conference programme ends
